Water and Quality Contamination Essay Example for Free

Water and Quality Contamination Essay Presentation. Foundation: According to the Millennium Development Goals Report 2012, 783 million individuals, or 11 percent of the worldwide populace, stay without access to an improved wellspring of drinking water. Likewise the United Nations has for quite some time been tending to the worldwide emergency brought about by inadequate water flexibly to fulfill fundamental human needs and developing requests on the world’s water assets to meet human, business and farming needs (un.org). In this test water quality and pollution of groundwater was researched. To start with, I watched the impacts that numerous toxins have on groundwater. I anticipate that in this trial the oil and vinegar will make the huge measure of sullying in the water, while the clothing cleanser will simply make a fragrance smell to it. Considering the scents and shading to these fixings I imagine that it will make the water quality have an awful stench and cause the water to be shady. Once sifting the defiled water, the water will be clear and cleaned. Second, I will analyze water treatment and sifting. I foresee that once the polluted water is dealt with and sifted that it will leave me with less tainting or none by any stretch of the imagination. At that point for the last trial, I will decide the distinction between filtered water and faucet water to find any defilement. I foresee that the faucet water will be the most debased and with the most synthetic concoctions in it, while the packaged waters; Dasani and Fiji will be totally sifted and liberated from any synthetic compounds. Objective: The target of groundwater inspecting is to decide if orâ not the nature of the water is poor or significant enough to drink, and afterward it prompts cleaning and sifting. Contaminants can move from food, soil, air and water. It is essential to take note of that groundwater and surface water may act both as pathways. Assessment of surface and ground waters as a major aspect of sullied site examination considers seems to be, in this way, a significant concern. Speculation: There were three distinct strides to this examination to decide the last theory. The primary analysis was the impacts of groundwater defilement, second was water treatment and third was drinking water quality. There are an assortment of versatile inspecting gadgets accessible for the assortment of groundwater, nonetheless, every application has various guidelines and is subject to the contaminants. Various diverse examining gadgets and their having the option to be utilized are utilized to decide the sullying. Strategies for the safeguarding and investigation of tests and quality confirmation and quality control are additionally introduced. Materials and Methods: Examination #1: In request to decide my last speculation I needed to analyze various strategies. The primary technique was to test the impacts of groundwater pollution. My initial step to this strategy was to assemble all the correct materials, which included water, vegetable oil, vinegar, clothing cleanser, and 240 mL of soil, cheesecloth and measuring glasses. I began by naming all the recepticles 1-8, so I can do examinations, etc. At that point, I carried on to filling the measuring glasses with water. Once including water I at that point put oil, vinegar and clothing cleanser into three unique measuring glasses, at that point blended them and recorded my perceptions. After this goal was finished I depleted the sullied water into cheesecloth and recorded my perceptions from that too. Examination #2: In the subsequent test, I separated the water with regards to how water is appropriately sifted so as to cleanse it to drink it. The materials utilized in this test were 100 mL fertil ized soil, containers, 40 mL sand, 20 mL initiated charcoal, 60 mL Gravel, alum, fade, cheesecloth, channel and graduated chamber. The initial step I took was adding 100 mL of soil to a recepticle and adding 200 mL of water to it. At that point, with two measuring utencils I went to and fro between the two with the soilâ and the sand. When the arrangement was made I set the recently tainted water into another measuring glass. When I finished that I added 10 grams of alum to the debased water, mixed it gradually for 2 minutes and sat tight 15 minutes for results, at that point recorded them. In the interim, I kept on testing by placing a bit of cheesecloth into a channel and the pipe into a measuring glass. On the cheesecloth 20 mL of sand, at that point 20 mL of initiated charcoal, at that point 40 mL of rock was included. Faucet water was then went through the blend and held up five minutes to channel and get results. A couple of drops of dye were then added to the water to make the sifted water. At that point the two outcomes were analyzed. Trial #3: In the third investigation, faucet water and filtered water were tried and contrasted with decide whether there are medical advantages in drinking filtered water. The materials utilized for this investigation were Dasani and Fiji filtered water, smelling salts test strips, chloride test strips, 4-in-1 test strips, phosphate test strips, iron test strips, measuring glasses, Para film, pipettes, and foil bundles of diminishing powder. To start with, every one of the three sorts of water were set into three separate measuring utencils for additional testing. The primary test alkali test strips were utilized, and afterward I recorded my outcomes, this procedure proceeded with the various testing strips for my last theory. Theory: My speculation was affirmed. From the start I didn't get a very remarkable great reaction from the treatment since it was as yet loaded up with earth. The faucet water had more elevated levels of everything during the investigation while the rewarded water had none. The smell of tap was the smell of city open water while the rewarded water resembled blanch. It is better the experience the filtration procedure. What are the means to this procedure are as filtration and sanitization. In this lab I utilized every one of these means to perform water treatment. After this analysis my speculation was denied. I believed that the faucet water would be the main sullied water when it was only the most polluted while the filtered water was for sure clear and separated, however it was not 100% away from all contaminants. The significant contrasts are that faucet water unquestionably with holds substantially more contaminants than packaged or separated water. My faucet water appears as though it isn’t to seriously tainted and is drinkable. I unquestionably accept that filtered water is a superior drinking water and you cannot be to safe to expend faucet water. Setting: Bottled water can emerge out of wells, springs, artesian wells, or the civil water gracefully. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) direct it as a food item. Note that the FDAs gauges are basically equivalent to those set by the U.S. Ecological Protection Agency (EPA), which directs open water supplies. In certain states, notwithstanding, filtered water necessities are stricter than those for faucet water are (people.chem.duke). In general, the investigations went truly well and it was a great idea to find out about the water that we admission. Finding the impacts of groundwater defilement and the nature of water was an immense achievement. In these procedures I found the significance to having filtrated water. Theâ process in this includes a wide range of steps, however in the wake of making all the necessary strides it prompts have clean and sanitized water, which is benefits society wellbeing. Factors and Futures Experiments: The purpose of trial one is for us to get a comprehension of the distinction substances that are influenced on ground water. Ends The danger of destructive contaminants in drinking water can never again be sensibly disregarded. The relationship between's defiled drinking water and numerous noteworthy illnesses and medical issues is unreasonably solid to limit ( historyofwaterfilters). By the day's end we as individuals need water to endure. A huge number of Americans get excellent drinking water each day from their open water frameworks, (which might be freely or exclusive). In any case, drinking water wellbeing can't be underestimated. SDWA applies to each open water framework in the United States. There are at present in excess of 160,000 open water frameworks giving water to practically all Americans eventually in their lives(water.epa.gov). Know that the water you are drinking in safe and it is sound it doesn’t matter if the water is from the container or the tap. References http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/conclusion.html http://people.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/water/wattap.html http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/water/ http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/index.cfm

Research Computer and Video Games Free Essays

Part Two Abstract This exploration paper investigates distributed articles that report on results from look into directed on how compact electronic correspondence devices influence a student’s study propensity. The articles, in any case, may differ in their own perspective with respect to the impacts on the understudies. As indicated by A. We will compose a custom exposition test on Research: Computer and Video Games or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Saez (2011), it was called attention to that innovation is a basic piece of our everyday lives. Different articles remembered for this paper explained positive and negative impacts of contraptions. As per Admin (2011), electronic device gadgets can have positive and negative consequences for youth. Likewise, According to Jessy Norman (2009), PCs and other related advancements have become a tremendous piece of our every day lives. They have adjusted our feeling of individuals, space, and time. shadow66 (2006) has called attention to it that the principle issue is the correct utilization of this devices or the information that are anything but difficult to be gotten to. Presentation Electronic Communication devices are fundamental to society and to people’s regular day to day existences. These contraptions have benefits yet just as downsides. Accept present day innovation for instance to expand. As indicated by shadow66 (2006) Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern Technology; Technology can be characterized as science applied to viable purposes. These days, when the rate of improvement and research is so noteworthy, it is anything but difficult to consider the upsides of present day innovation. On the less side, there is weaponry which is the indistinguishable issue of the new innovations. Thus, the primary issue is the best possible utilization of this information. By the by, weapon building impels and gives a gigantic development likewise the business in spite of exceptionally created apparatus dirties the globe. As indicated by Admin (2011) What is the Effect of Electronic Gadgets on Youth? ; Electronic device gadgets can have positive and negative impacts on youth. As indicated by the National Institute on Media and the Family, computer games can assist kids with working on following bearings and critical thinking, and refine engine and spatial abilities. Negative impacts incorporate social disconnection, forceful conduct, viciousness, befuddling reality and dream, and less than stellar scores. Indications of conceivable mental dependence on PC or computer game use among youth an incorporate declining school grades; picking the PC or computer games over family, companions or social exercises; or anxiety and touchiness when not playing a computer game or on the PC. Indications of conceivable mental dependence on PC or computer game use among youth can incorporate exacerbating school grades; picking the PC or computer games over family, companions or social exercises; or anxiety and crabbines s when not playing a computer game or on the PC. As indicated by Australia’s media organize ABC, Monash University’s investigate shows that kids who sent instant messages were quicker on certain tests, yet additionally less exact. In a NetWorkWorld article, Text Message Language Won’t Affect Kids Spelling, Canada’s University of Alberta said that young men who utilized underscored â€Å"text speak† were on normal more regrettable spellers, while young ladies who to a great extent abridged were better spellers. A 2007 Pew Internet American Life Project study uncovered that outsiders reached 43 percent of long range interpersonal communication youngsters on the web; 31 percent of informal communication adolescents have online â€Å"friends† they have never actually met. As per Jessy Norman (2009) Bad Effects of Technology; Computers and other related advancements have become a tremendous piece of our every day lives. They have adjusted our feeling of individuals, space, and time. From our lounges, we would now be able to converse with individuals, and watch situations develop in far away places. Shopping, banking, and game playing are only a couple of the other day by day exercises that have additionally changed. Such a significant number of parts of the manners in which we convey and handle data have been adjusted by mechanical turn of events. Mobile phones, replying mail, voice message, fax machines, link TVs, PC systems, satellite interchanges and email are just some ongoing changes. Different signs of this change would be the area of where it is going on. Truly, it is all over the place, including the study halls for the utilization of teaching kids. Innovation is currently getting progressively famous within the sight of homerooms all around the globe. Tomorrow’s future is in the hands of today’s understudies. As indicated by Angel Lucifer (2009) What Are The Negative And Positive Effects Of Advance Technologies, Like The Internet, To Student’s Performance? ; One of the most convincing contentions utilized omputers by kids is the danger of dull movement injury, for example, carpal passage condition. This issue might be more noteworthy for kids than for grown-ups in light of the fact that their musculature and skeletal frameworks are not full fledged and might be at more serious hazard for injury. Children’s danger of enduring tedious movement wounds might be additionally expanded on the grounds that they will in general use PCs that are measured for grown-ups, put on grown-up estimated furniture, and situated for a grown-up client. Another conceivable danger of utilizing PCs is eye-strain, which may incorporate dryness because of not flickering enough, cerebral pains, and hazy vision. To diminish this hazard, it is critical to restrict the time spent gazing at the screen; take visit breaks, trying to concentrate the eyes on removed articles; and flicker much of the time. It is additionally essential to situate the screen sixteen to twenty-seven inches away and in a manner that guarantees that the client sees it at a marginally descending edge. Following some profoundly pitched occasions in Japan, it has been proposed that there might be a danger of seizure for youngsters playing computer games containing brilliant glimmering lights. Numerous computer games incorporate a primary school understudy utilizes a PC in the school library while another understudies looks on. The straightforwardness and office with which youngsters use PCs originates from the capacity kids have for absorbing instruments in their condition for their own utilization. (O’Brien Productions/Corbis) an admonition with this impact in their documentation. Luckily, not many youngsters are powerless to this condition. For the individuals who are, in any case, this is possibly an intense circumstance. As indicated by Alex Saez (2011) Bad Effects of Electronic Gadgets; Technology is an essential piece of our everyday lives. Individuals everywhere throughout the world depend on it for things like correspondence, association and business. Not a day passes by when you don’t experience somebody chatting on his wireless, tapping ceaselessly on a PC or tuning in to a MP3 player. While this innovation is noteworthy, there are sure disadvantages in zones like wellbeing, open security and instruction that ought to be tended to. Monitoring these threats can help decrease or converse these downsides. As indicated by the site Healthy Hearing, 33% of youngsters own a MP3 player, for example, an iPod. Dr. Craig Kasper, Director of Audiology at the New York Otolaryngology Group, cautions that these gadgets can cause ear harm whenever utilized inappropriately. On the off chance that the volume is excessively high or if the individual tunes in for quite a while, hearing harm can occur. Additionally, ear buds are more risky than customary earphones. Solid Hearing suggests that audience members keep the volume underneath 70 percent and breaking point listening time to somewhere in the range of 60 and an hour and a half. In the event that you need to listen inconclusively, crank the volume down to 50 percent. Content slang, for example, â€Å"ur† rather than â€Å"you’re† is ordinarily utilized through phone messaging. In any case, an ongoing report shows that children and youngsters are really letting these dark shortened forms saturate their ordinary composition. An ongoing report by Pew Internet in 2008 uncovered that 50 percent of understudies utilize casual slang in their assignments. Besides, 38 percent concede they have utilized shortened forms in their homework like â€Å"LOL†, which represents â€Å"laugh out loud†. Moreover, 25 percent state that they use emojis, for example, â€Å"smiley faces† in formal composition. The issue has become so clear that some U. S. government officials are worried that the English language and sentence structure is being curved, contrarily influencing students’ learning. Electronic devices are presently fundamental to our general public today. We need electronic devices to work together, to have some diversion and assist us with traversing our every day lives. Regardless, innovation impacts the investigation propensities for understudies. From multiple points of view, for example, with PCs, examining and reality gathering is made simpler. In any case, regardless of whether you are an understudy, an instructor or a parent, you have presumably discovered that the bad habit is regularly enveloped by the uprightness, and that very similar things that are gainful can likewise end up being diverting. References Admin, (2011). Electronic contraption gadgets result to positive and negative consequences for youth. What is the Effect of Electronic Gadgets on Youth? Lucifer, A. (2009). Utilization of PCs by kids is the danger of redundant movement injury. What Are The Negative and Positive Effects of Advance Technologies to Student’s Performance? Norman, J. (2009). PCs and other related advances have become a huge piece of our every day lives. Terrible Effects of Technology. Saez, A. (2011). Individuals everywhere throughout the world depend on it for things like correspondence, association and work. Terrible Effects of Electronic Gadgets. Shadow66, (2006). Innovation can be characterized as science applied to down to earth purposes. Favorable circumstances and Disadvantages of Modern Technology. Step by step instructions to refer to Research: Computer and Video Games, Essays

Cervantes Essay Example For Students

Cervantes Essay The Renaissance was a period of resurrection of learning. The Renaissance was around 300 years in length running from around 1300 to 1600. The Renaissance began in the Italian urban communities and spread to France and the German States, Holland and England. There were numerous specialists during this timespan. One fantastic and notable craftsman is Miguel de Cervantes.Miguel de Cervantes was conceived in Alcala de Henares which is close to Madrid in 1547. The date of his introduction to the world isn't known without a doubt yet individuals accept he was conceived on September 29. He was purified through water on October 9. Miguel grew up with 6 different kin. He was the fourth conceived. His dad, Rodrigo, was a poor specialist. His family was in a hurry more often than not and moved from town to town. Nobody makes certain of Miguels kid instruction, however he didn't go to a college close to his old neighborhood. In 1568, a large number of Miguels sonnets were distributed in Madrid. In 1569, Cervantes went to Rome and turned into a man of his word in-sitting tight for Cardinal Acquaviva. About a year later, he joined s Spanish military regiment in Naples. He took on in the Conflict of Lepanto. During that fight, he lost the utilization of his left hand. In 1575, Cervantes and one of his siblings were caught by Barbary privateers. During his detainment, the privateers sent them to Algeria and sold them as slaves. They were held there for recover. In 1580, he loved ones paid the payment to free Cervantes sibling. They needed more cash to free Cervantes. After he attempted to get away and got captured, they discharged him as a result of his boldness for assuming all the fault. Cervantes couldn't get a new line of work so he chose to turn into an essayist. During 1582 and 1585, he composed and created numerous sonnets and plays. Perhaps the best work of writing is La Galatea. Cervantes couldn't get by of the cash he was making so he took some administration employments. Cervantes was detained in view of his duty gathering exercises. While in jail, he thought of a thought for a story. The thought was for a knight-errant portrayed in stories of a medieval gallantry. He came out with the initial segment in 1605 called El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha. This, Don Quixote, is Cervantes most notable work of writing since forever. Cervantes got next to no cash for this. In 1615, he distributed the second piece of Don Quixote. In 1617, Cervantes completed the novel Persiles y Sigismunda. after 4 days de kicked the bucket. After one year the novel was distributed. Cervantes most noteworthy and most notable work is presumably Don Quixote. It was distributed in 2 sections. It is the account of a poor man that lived in La Mancha. He was a knight errant that rode on his pony named Rocinante(Rosinante). His assistant was named Sancho Panza, a laborer from his town. Wear Quixote envisioned numerous things and was unrealistic. The initial segment of the book was distributed in 1605 and the subsequent part was distributed in 1615. The initial segment was converted into English in 1612 and the second part in 1620. This is a significant piece of Renaissance history since it spread the new thought of writing in an unreasonable, optimistic, and misrepresented way.Cervantes is notable all through the world in view of his book Don Quixote. He affected numerous individuals during the Renaissance due to his troublesome life and his awesome abilities and gifts of composing.

How to Hire a Professional Term Paper Writer

How to Hire a Professional Term Paper WriterHaving a professional term paper writer can be a great asset to any business that requires writing documentation. It is often very expensive to hire writers for corporate documents, because these documents are considered to be 'high risk' material. However, there are many ways to get quality documents without having to shell out a lot of money.Professional writers are very expensive in the short term, but their services will be well worth the money in the long run. Writing high quality documentation requires meticulous attention to detail and creative imagination. As such, finding a professional for the job is crucial. Below are several tips to help you find a professional.The first thing to look for in a good professional is their rates. A quality writer who can write high quality documents is someone who is not only reliable but also affordable. A good way to find these types of writers is to look at their reviews online.Next, when search ing for a professional for the job, you should ask for a copy of their portfolio. Be sure to compare their writing skills against other writers, as well as their experience and education. An experienced professional will know how to add details that appeal to a reader, while still being efficient enough to present the main points. Make sure you ask for samples of some of their work to get a feel for their abilities.Before hiring a professional term paper writer, check to see if they have a few recommendations from previous clients. These clients will give you an idea of how they liked the writer's work. In addition, you will also get an idea of the kind of papers that they have written. This will make it easier for you to select a writer who is likely to be the best for your needs.Finally, you should make sure you know what kind of terms that the professional term paper writer will charge for. You may have to use different contractors, depending on how large or small your business i s. Some will cost much less than others, so don't forget to ask about this as well. Always ensure that you are getting the highest quality of service possible, in order to keep your investment in the business.By following these simple steps, you can quickly and easily find the right professional term paper writer for your needs. Hopefully this article has helped you find a good professional term paper writer for your project.

Socrates Was An Athens A Greek Philosopher - 1562 Words

Michael Kline Professor Copley Philosophy October 6,2015 Socrates was an Athens, Greece born man, who is credited as one of the main founders of Western Philosophy. Socrates never wrote any of his thoughts and experiences down, so we just know and analyze Socrates through the dialogues of his greatest apostle, Plato. Although, the dialogues written by Plato are not totally focused on summarizing Socrates’ life, but more about his teachings and examining of others, you never really learn how Socrates lived in an everyday life. He appeared to be a very simple man, with not many possessions or riches to his name. Socrates never did participate in political reform in Greece, but rather choose to converse with every day Athenians to analyze and instruct them about virtue and examination. He based his life off the simplicity of understanding virtues and the search for wisdom. His quest for wisdom and the instruction of others through dialogue seem to be Socrates’ most important aim in life. His questioning and examining ended up g etting him in trouble, as explained through â€Å"The Apology,† Socrates was brought in front of a jury with charges of not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, of inventing new deities, and of corrupting the youth of Athens. The case ended with him being charged as guilty, and instead of accepting exile for this rest of his life; he chose death by drinking hemlock poison. In â€Å"The Apology,† Socrates claims â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth livingShow MoreRelatedGreek And Classical Greek Philosophy997 Words   |  4 Pages Classical Greek Philosophy A philosophy is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, esp. when considered as an academic discipline. Greece was divided into several city-states, which ran separately and independent from each other. However, they shared commonalities, such as common ancestry, language, and festivals. Foreigners were all considered barbarians to the Greek. 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Plato displayed the proper elements of adversity within the â€Å"Apology† and detailed the unfairness the democratic society of Athens presents by punishing an opposing, equally justified force. Socrates preforms his defence arrogantly and sarcastically in the courtroom of Athens, humouring his own trial where he faced a grave fate. Socrates would not accept a verdictRead More Socrates Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pages SOCRATES Socrates was a Greek philosopher who lived between 470-399 B.C. He turned Greek attention toward questions of ethics and virtue and away from those of the heavenly bodies. Socrates spent much time in the Agora (marketplace) where he held conversations with townspeople. Socrates believed that real truth could be found out through thought and collaboration with others. He was known for exposing ignorance, hypocrisy, and conceit. 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The Catastrophic Impact of Rising Oceans on the Pacific...

The Catastrophic Impact of Rising Oceans on the Pacific Islands All over the world indigenous communities are faced with an array of new problems, though the public continues to gain insight into the lives of these people they continue to be marginalized in the global arena as well. The Pacific Islands are an entity far removed from the minds of most westerners. The primary focus of any political discourse within the United States places most emphasis on Australia and New Zealand ignoring the smaller less politically salient states. However, it is these smaller islands that will bare the brunt of one huge problem in the future, global warming. For the purpose of this paper I will ignore the polemics of global warming and not†¦show more content†¦Not only have increased temperatures been noticed on dry-land but also in the oceans, which is even more frightening. It is worse because the oceans absorb a lot of the atmospheric heat if it weren’t for that the land temperatures would be even higher. And with the polar ice caps receding the mean oceanic sea level is also rising. Speaking strictly in terms of the next hundred years the islands with the lowest altitudes are of greatest concern in regard to swelling oceans. Low-lying island states and atolls are especially vulnerable to climate change and associated sea-level rise because in many cases much of the terrain rarely exceeds 3-4m above present mean sea level. This is not to say that the other higher islands will escape unscathed from rising sea levels. For them the problem isn’t necessarily complete immersion but the alteration of costal zones is of concern. It is in these regions that most of the main settlements are and a majority of the vital economic infrastructures, making them very vulnerable. The ecosystems of the ocean are particularly sensitive to slight but permanent changes in the average surface temperature of the earth. For the people of the Pacific Islands this is crucial connected to their future. First, the coral reefs that are in the shallow waters surrounding many of the pacific islands are incredibly fragile to begin with. TheShow MoreRelatedRising Temperatures Is Yet Another Effect We Can See From1453 Words   |  6 PagesRising temperatures is yet another effect we can see from global warming. Weather patterns are beginning to shift causing droughts, flooding, wildfires, and hurricanes. Dr. Piers Seller, Director of Earth Sciences Division NASA said that, â€Å"This is very important, because we think the biggest impact from climate change is the moving of the precipitation belts. From the equator they ll go further out, so we re already seeing signs of a system drought. So that causes more drought in places that areRead MoreThe Colorado River And The State Of Colorado915 Words   |  4 Pagesin China. Many scientists believe that a severe reduction in annual rainfall is due largely to the absence of adequate reforestation projects. Drier air causes water to evaporate more rapidly. Even standing water disappears in some regions. The Island of La Gonà ¢ve, one of Haiti’s largest, consists of very dry land, as if it has not rained for years. There will be no crops without rainfall. Since moisture helps dissipate heat, it should be no surprise that surface temperatures will continue to riseRead More Exemplification Essay: Why The World Is Doomed1086 Words   |  5 Pagesemits a very toxic byproduct called CO2. Carbon is incredibly dangerous to the earths atmosphere, and erodes huge holes in the ozone layer of our earth. This erosion causes global warming and climate change that is permanent and irreversible. The impact of global warming will not only effect generation to come, but present generations as well. Society is within a paradox of this issue. Governments around the world, utilize this black gold as a form of economic strength, and have generated hugeRead MoreA Report On Osaka Prefecture1928 Words   |  8 Pagescentral portion of the Japanese archipelago. It has a population of roughly 8.8 million people. Osaka used to have the second highes population of Japan but has recently dropped to third next to Tokyo and Kanagawa. It is home of several man-made islands, one of which is Kansai Inrenational Airport, and several other off-coast architectural miracles of modern day ingenuity. Osaka is a beautiful place to live and is also one of the safest places to live in the world as far as crime and pollution areRead MoreTerrigal-Coastal Management2695 Words   |  11 Pagessand bar. On calmer days, the sand is brought back to the beach. * Storm damage can affect coastal properties. This is especially made obvious when buildings are constructed on sand dunes. When the sand is taken, the result on the houses is catastrophic. * Lagoons, which are formed where sand deposits to form a baymouth barrier at the entrance to a bay, either partially or fully, blocking it off. Here, either the lagoon can access the sea during high tide or it can be closed for the majorityRead MoreThe Greenhouse Effect - Causes Impacts4209 Words   |  17 PagesThe Greenhouse Effect: Causes Impacts INTRODUCTION The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light from the sun pass through a transparent medium and are absorbed, but the longer wavelengths of the infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium. The trapping of the long wavelength radiation leads to more heating and a higher resultant temperature. Besides the heating of an automobile by sunlight through the windshieldRead MoreEnvironmental Effects of Tourism on Thai Coral Reefs3489 Words   |  14 Pagestheir nations, and vast amounts of money have been invested set up the infrastructure to support such an industry. However, aside from the large economic advantages to the industry, there are inevitably negative impacts to the host nation and the world as a whole. These negative impacts usually materialise in the form of environmental or socio-cultural issues; and in many cases, these have all but been pushed aside, with economic advantages prevailing ov er all else. 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The original build location is known as the Tacoma Narrows, due to the proximity of Olympic Peninsula and the mainland. The Olympic Peninsula is home to beaches, the Hoh Rain Forest, the OlympicRead MoreNuclear Disasters9971 Words   |  40 Pages Introduction: One of the scariest things about nuclear power is when something goes wrong and an accident occurs. Radiation is released into the environment and people get hurt. Two of the most famous nuclear accidents occurred at the Three Mile Island reactor 2 in the United States and the Chernobyl reactor 4 in the former Soviet Union. In this text we will discuss these two disasters, along with correcting a few common misconceptions about nuclear accidents. The Myth of a Reactor Explosion:

Stereotype Threat Standard Intellectual and Cognitive Assessment

Question: Write about theStereotype Threatfor Standard Intellectual and Cognitive Assessment. Answer: Introduction Stereotype threat is a term used for its first time by Steel and Aronson (1995) in their theory or study which sought to provide an understanding of African American performance on standardized tests. They defined stereotype threat as a risk of confirming, as a self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about ones social group. It may also be termed as a situation in which an individual may feel that they might be judged negatively because of a stereotype (Moss, 2016). Lastly, stereotype threat may also define as a risk of conforming to negative stereotypes with regard to an individuals gender, racial, ethnic or affiliation to a cultural group. Research has shown that stereotype threat has had some adverse effects such as decreased performance in academic and non academic grounds (Tagler, 2012). It has also led to increased use of self-defeating behaviors, disengagements in different activities and alteration of professional aspirations. This essay will, therefore, focus on providin g an understanding of the role that stereotype threat may play in standard intellectual and cognitive assessment. The Role Played by Stereotype Threat in Standard Intellectual and Cognitive Assessment To understand the role played by stereotype threat in intellectual and cognitive assessment, we need first to understand the terms or the concepts of both standard intellectual and cognitive assessment. According to a research by Williams (2016), a child psychology website, cognitive assessment refers to designed tests which have been standardized to examine the learning capability of a child or an individual by identifying the weaknesses and cognitive strengths. The assessment is administered by the use of standardized psychometric tools such as verbal communication and perceptual reasoning. Standard intellectual on the other side its a concept that allows individuals to make decisions and rational commands for their cognitive processes in order to decide on what is good or bad for them or what they need to accept or reject according to Sparks (2016). It can also be referred to as the standards for thoughts or human thinking and help us determine how best is it to live our lives. The role played by stereotype threat in standard intellectual and cognitive assessment can, therefore, be examined by analyzing some situations where stereotype threats have been used. For example, according to research by Steel and Aronson (1995), the results showed that performance in academic contexts can be greatly be affected by the common belief and awareness that ones behavior might be viewed or judged through eyes or grounds of racial stereotypes (MacInnis, Hodson, 2012). Therefore, it implies that stereotype threats contribute greatly to poor performance among students or groups or any individual who may be characterized by some ideologies or prejudices of stereotypes. Everyone is vulnerable to these effects simply because we belong to at least one of these groups. The fear of students to confirm their identity and sense of belonging to a certain race or gender has had negative impacts on their classroom performance. Research has shown that African American students have continued to fail or perform poorly as compared to their white peers in fields of mathematics and science (Massey Fischer, 2005). Gender identity has also posed a stereotype threat to women and their performance in mathematics and results from research showed that women relatively perform poorly in mathematics tests as compared to men (Elder, Paul, 2013). Although this has recently been challenged, women nowadays perform better in mathematics and science tests on average than men. The major factors which play a role in stereotype vulnerability include; group membership and identification, domain identification and internal locus of control or proactive personality as well as stereotype knowledge of belief (Aronson, 2012). It proves stereotype belief to be situational and hence leading to decreased student performance and played a major role in undermining women identity in the society. Cervone, Shadel, Jenciu (2012) explained that the environmental factors specifically place more emphasis on parents and teachers as the main contributors of gender-related math attitudes by women and ladies. Stereotype threat has also played a major role in the internalization of inferior anxiety among students. Research has shown that these students end up blaming others for their misfortunes, conditions or even their problems (Clark, 201). They also form to themselves a victim identity and may have less control of the situations surrounding themselves. For example, if a stude nt fails a math test she may attribute her failure to the fact that women dont perform well in math tests. Standard intellectual as seen from above definition forms the basis decision making among individuals with regard to what is good for them and what they need to accept or reject. Research has shown that in situations where decisions have to be made under threat, the process is usually dominated or influenced by fear and not by logic or any rational consideration. On the other hand, effective decision making can only be achieved when both emotions and logic are used together in the process (Beasley Fischer, 2012). Therefore stereotype threats influence and undermine the process of decision making, which may then leads to regrets to the individuals involved and other psychological problems. Research has also shown that stereotypes threats not only affect the performance of individuals but also their process of learning (Rydel Boucher, 2010). The results were based on the idea that women believe in the stereotype that they are deficient in mathematics. Whereas there are other women who are not and therefore the beliefs deteriorate their capacity to learn. There is, therefore, a great need of self-affirmation and presentation of role models to help women conquer the effects of this belief (stout et al. 2011). Supporting this idea the fact that seeing or been taught by a successful in-group member who conquered relieves the burden or the weight of representing women personally. Stereotype threats have also played a major role in increasing mental exhaustion and burnout levels among the individuals affected (Hall, Schmader, Croft, 2015). The threat, therefore, results in feelings of social identity threat where individuals think that their social identity is influenced by their social interaction with other people. The individuals end up living in pressure and tendencies of wanting to demonstrate their capabilities with intentions of impressing someone else at the expense of their personal intuitions. In the process of doing so, they lose mental energy and hence increase the likelihood of burnout. On the other hand, positive stereotype threats have shown to boost or lift performance for dominant groups by the virtue of relative advantage of ones own group over another according to Beasley and Fischer (2012). It, therefore, plays an important role in helping those in high domain identification or the dominant group in improving their performance. When individual embrace self-affirmation mechanisms then they build or construct positive strengths and may use the situational stereotype threats to build their confidence and conquer the stereotypes. Individuals affirm their self-worth through self-affirmation, which can be achieved by encouraging individuals to focus on things or values they consider or view important. They may focus on skill development, their personal values or engage in roles which boosting their performance. There is also evidence that stereotype threat contributes to reduced creativity, flexibility, and speed. Individuals experiencing threat may tend to focus on higher performance and enhanced critical thinking in order to mitigate their problems. Individuals under such condition are said to be in a state of vigilance, a condition which kills creativity, openness, flexibility and speed (Serbt and Foster, 2004). Research has also shown that these stereotype threats reduce self-control among individuals (Aronson, Burgess, Phelan, Juarez, 2013). Implying that, individuals find it difficult or are totally unable to direct their attention or efforts and behaviors in purposeful ways. The behavior is a resultant of fear of been judged when he or she makes a mistake based or ethnicity and gender stereotypes. Therefore the individuals can only sit back and relax or engage in minor activities where they feel secure and socially acceptable. Research has also shown that the strength of the stereotype in most cases depends on the task is framed especially in performing cognitive assessments (Aronson et al., 2013). A neutral task will always present a less or unlikely probability of stereotype threat as compared to tasks which are framed in terms of active stereotypes where individuals perform so poorly in them. In the long run continued stereotype threat can lead to the mental health of an individual. When an individual experience continued discrimination associated with a threat in any social group, they become depressed and hence affect their mental health in the long run. Conclusion From the research above, stereotype threat has been associated with negative implications. An individual cognitive development is very important and such threats hinder their development. Stereotypes threats have hence played a major role in promoting ethnic and racial gaps, decreasing students performance in the classroom; affect work performance in working environments, disengagements and self-defeating behaviors. There is also a gap in explaining the prevalence of stereotype threats among different age groups. Parents, teachers and the society form the main environments of exercising these threats; they should advocate the use of positive stereotype threats in promoting individual behaviors and enhancing performance. Cognitive assessment tests should be designed in a way to enhance performance and not promote stereotype threats. References Aronson, J., Burgess, D., Phelan, S. M., Juarez, L. (2013). Unhealthy Interactions: The Role of Stereotype Threat in Health Disparities. American Journal Of Public Health, 103(1), 50-56. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300828. Beasley, M. m., Fischer, M. m. (2012). Why they leave: the impact of stereotype threat on the attrition of women and minorities from science, math and engineering majors. Social Psychology Of Education, 15(4), 427-448. Cervone, D., Shadel, W. G., Jencius, S. (2001). Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality Assessment.Personality Social Psychology Review (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 5(1), 33-51. Clark, J. K., Thiem, K. C., Barden, J., Stuart, J. O., Evans, A. T. (2015). Stereotype Validation: The Effects of Activating Negative Stereotypes After Intellectual Performance. Journal Of Personality Social Psychology, 108(4), 531-552. doi:10.1037/a0038887. Elder, L., Paul, R. (2013). Critical Thinking: Intellectual Standards Essential to Reasoning Well Within Every Domain of Thought. Journal Of Developmental Education, 36(3), 34-35. MacInnis, C., Hodson, G. (2012). `Where the rubber hits the road' en route to inter-group harmony: Examining contact intentions and contact behaviour under meta-stereotype threat. British Journal Of Social Psychology, 51(2), 363-373. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02014.x Sparks, D. (2016).Reducing Stereotype Threat in the Science and Mathematics Classroom: An Overview of Research, Best Practices, and Intervention Strategies.Currents In Teaching Learning, 7(2), 4-17 Tagler, M. J. (2012). Choking Under the Pressure of a Positive Stereotype: Gender Identification and Self-Consciousness Moderate Men's Math Test Performance.Journal Of Social Psychology, 152(4), 401-416. doi:10.1080/00224545.2011.615353. Williams, K. B. (2006). THE EFFECTS OF STEREOTYPE THREAT ON TEST PERFORMANCE OF MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS. College Student Journal, 40(3), 679-684.

Importance of Studying Economics

Introduction Economics is defined as a social science that deals with how people utilize the limited resources, to satisfy the unlimited needs and wants (Baumol and Blinder, 2008). Economics is applicable in our day to day lives, thus it is important to have some rudimentary understanding of economics. Many of the concepts learnt in economics are helpful to any person living in this ever changing world, as will be discussed below.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Importance of Studying Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Importance of Economic Concepts Scarcity is the most fundamental term in economics. It implies that there are hardly enough resources in this world such as money and time, to fulfill our unlimited wants and needs. It is therefore important that individuals learn how to distribute these scarcities to fulfill their needs (Baumol and Blinder, 2007). Everyday we must make choices and d ecisions that will assist us in allocating these scarce resources. For example, when you go out shopping in a supermarket, you might notice a trendy top or an expensive perfume that you have always fancied. However, due to scarcity of money you will not buy these items, but shop for necessities such as bread, groceries, milk, soap and cereals. Another economic term that is important and pertinent to our lives is specialization. Specialization refers to the situation where resources are mainly allocated to a particular task. Specializing resources, ensures these limited resources are more effectively utilized in producing services and goods that satisfy the human unlimited needs and wants (Baumol and Blinder, 2007). For example, if a student decides to open an ice cream parlor that operates after school or during weekends, they can decide to do all the tasks such as collecting the cash, cleaning the tables, serving and preparing the ice cream. However, productivity will increase if t he student invites some of the friends and one takes up cleaning the tables, the other one scooping and serving the ice cream and the other one collects cash. They will be able to sell more ice cream and serve customers better, if each one of them performs the required task. Opportunity cost is another essential economic term. This principle refers to the sacrifices that you make so that you can get something at its cost (Baumol and Blinder, 2008). A personal experience is that I had the choice of spending 8 hours in school or on leisure activities (watching movies, partying, camping, chatting on social networks etc) or working in a restaurant that pays $3 per hour.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All these choices had an opportunity cost. If I worked in the restaurant for $24 per day, the opportunity cost is that I won’t have enough time for leisure and stud ies. This can lead to lower grades in school, which could lower any prospective future earnings. If I decided to concentrate on studies, I would give up pleasure and $30 dollars per day, which is the opportunity cost. However, in the long run, concentrating more in studies increases my chances of earning a better salary in the future. If I decided to engage in meeting my friends or partying, I would have a good time for a short time, but sacrifice schooling and working. Using this principle of opportunity cost, I decided to pursue education, since it has the most beneficial outcomes in the long term. Understanding macro economy is important, since leading economic indicators should always guide our decisions. Understanding perceptions on the economic outlook is vital when making investment decisions. For example, during times of economic recess, banks lower interest rates in an effort to encourage more borrowing and stimulate economic growth. If at this time you are to get a mortgag e, installment would be cheaper. On the other hand, savings would yield poor returns. During such harsh economics times, rates of unemployment and layoffs are high, so students can continue with their studies, as the chances of getting a job are slim. Conclusion From the arguments above, understanding basic economic terms such as opportunity cost, economic incentives, specialization and macroeconomics is important in our daily lives and when making investment decisions. References Baumol, W. Blinder, A. (2008). Macroeconomics: principles policy. New York: Cengage Learning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Importance of Studying Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Baumol, W. Blinder, A. (2007). Economics: Principles and policy. New York: Cengage Learning. This research paper on Importance of Studying Economics was written and submitted by user Isaac Vincent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Social Psychology essay

Social Psychology essay Social Psychology essay Social Psychology essayThe history of social psychology can be described as the history of social science that reflects multiple efforts to explain social conditions, social actions and the relationships between society and its members (Fenestra, 2013). The history of social psychology helps to better understand the nature of social world. In fact, social psychology plays an important role in helping individuals to have a better understand of the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of other individuals. It is necessary to understand not only social, but also political and material influences on the conceptions of individuals. The history of social psychology is closely connected with the political history because the discipline helps to explore human nature through the application of certain scientific methods. A number of key research developments have helped to define social psychology and differentiate it from other fields of study, including ethical, cultural, behavioral and other types of research developments.   The following theoretical constructs are inherent in social psychology principles include the â€Å"commonality corollary, the sociality corollary and the fragmentation corollary† (Rogers, 2013, p. 157). The role of ethics in behavioral research is crucial because any form of behavioral research requires not only observation, analysis of human behavior, but also it requires the analysis of by-products of human behavior, such as public opinions. Ethics in behavioral research influences the attitudes of personnel, the behavior of the participants, and other aspects that may have certain impact on society. Some of the ethical dilemmas that researchers face include the issues associated with specific national or cultural context, maintenance of the respect for privacy and confidentiality, etc. One of the examples of an ethical violation that occurred in a human research study includes the violation of moral principles in the form of racial ineq uality, which leads to racial discrimination and racism. The study well-known as the Tuskegee Syphilis study demonstrates the actual violation of moral norms in relation to African Americans. The methodology used by researchers was observational. Considerable changes could have been made to improve the ethical nature of the research, including the improved ethical standards and the proper control.

Pathways to Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Pathways to Education - Essay Example The workforce sets off large and diverse; in one way or another, practically the whole society is connected with several form of institutionalized education. Education generally has been colored by the improved consideration that has been given to its financial and its wider social efficacy. However of particular interest is distinguishing movement of ideas, strategies and practices which has appeared during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Recognized variously as the new vocational grounding for working life, evolution from school to work or basically as vocational or technical education and training, this association has, in Britain and numerous other countries, been the basis of considerable and often controversial innovations in educational structures, content, methods and funding. "A main challenge is to recognize the education system, and it has engendered a growing volume of investigation and research, public policy plans, action in both the public and private areas of education, training and employment and sharp divisions amongst supporters and opponents" (Skilbeck, 1990). Pathways from education to working life are a generally defined vocationalisation that has been a common thread which runs across the education and, the employment policies of all country, whatever its level of growth, political system or geological location. The human capital theory in some form or other certainly long had extensive support across political and ideological boundaries: among them Adam Smith and Karl Marx theories are universal. The idea of education and training for creative work has played for long a considerable part in the Central European countries as it has worked in other parts of the world. Given the inevitability and the widely declared aim of reforming their economies, it is to be estimated that the development of education and training in these countries will keep a very strong vocational flavor, although on somewhat diverse ideological grounds. Today in typical industrialized countries education and training are fundamental to any programme of structural modification for the very obvious, reason that it is upon the educated and trained capability of the actors the people that the capability to redistribute and to put on from its benefits depends (Lauglo and Lillis, 1988; O'Dell, 1988). Bruce Raup and his co-workers long ago put it; 'the development of practical intelligence' is coming to be renowned as a main policy goal (Raup et al, 1943). In this respect, we have certainly pierced a new era. Whether conservative, full-time, paid employment for all or virtually all youth and young adults will persist to be conveyed by the advanced economies is a debatable point. It does not, though, vitiate the claims being made for ever higher levels of education and training, with grounding for work as one of the primary policy objectives. This new 'education era' is characterized not simply by a recognition of the need for what the OECD Ministers of Education referred to as "an excellence of education and training for all" (OECD, 1992a, 1992b 1992c). Comparability and precision of credentialed knowledge and skills across national limitations assume greater significance than ever before in the new Europe (Commission of the

Iraq war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Iraq war - Research Paper Example For a long time the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a Cold War (1946-1991) as they manifested their rivalry as superpowers economically, politically, militarily. The reasons it was termed as â€Å"Cold War† is because there was nothing like direct military engagement between the two superpowers. The Cold War included continuous bloody proxy wars that were directed to the developing countries of the Global South by the superpowers. The wildly recognized war of Cold War included - the Soviet-Afghan War 1979-1989, here the U.S. forces majorly concentrated â€Å"in the ground† while Soviet forces concentrated â€Å"on the ground.† In the American-Vietnam War 1959-1975, here while the Soviet forces were engaged â€Å"in the background,† the U.S. forces were engaged â€Å"on the ground.† However, in Afghanistan and Vietnam, both the United States and Soviet forces were defeated. Negative effects such as economic hardship, political turm oil, human devastation as well as ideological argument became the subject of discussion within the developing countries of the Global South contrary to the peaceful atmosphere that existed within the countries of the Global North. Like, the aftermath of the American-Vietnam war left 3 to 4 million Vietnamese dead and the same to 1.5 to 2 million Cambodians and Laos as well as many more million of them rendered homeless turning to be refugees, while only 58,000 U.S. soldiers were killed and 300000 were left with wounds. A number approximated to be 700,000 and 1.3 million Afghans were killed in the Soviet-Afghan War and left 4.5 million of them in refugee camps mainly in Iran and Pakistan while only 15,000 Soviet troops were left dead and 37,000 got wounds. Among the strategic goals of Israel when the Cold War was at its peak was to influence the Western powers into forcing the Soviet Union to allow Soviet

Natural monopoly Essay Example for Free

Natural monopoly Essay The concept of â€Å"Natural Monopoly† comes from economics. It is a situation in which majority of the portion of market is covered by a single firm or company. The goods, services or products offered by the company covers the maximum portion of the market. A Natural Monopoly is a situation in which the cost of producing the product (goods or services) is lower due to economies of scale. In a situation of Natural Monopoly, there are no close substitutes to offer the same product or services. Economies of scale is a situation or condition in which the cost to a company of producing or supplying each additional unit of a product or service decreases as the volume of output increases. Economies of scale is not the only reason for the existence of monopoly. A Natural Monopoly also exists because of sole access to a particular resource or technology and because of the use of non-market means to eliminate competition, including buying up competitors and colluding with customers or suppliers to discriminate against competitors. A Natural Monopoly also exists even if there are multiple competitors in the market. In such case, the firm which can attain the largest volume of output and the lowest production cost will be called as a Natural Monopoly. All the other firms will have to exit the industry because they are unable to compete on a price basis. Basically, it is very difficult for any competitor to enter the market of natural monopoly because of very high cost of production facilities which includes the cost of infrastructure. There is also a high uncertainty among the intended competitors that they will be able to oust the existing monopolist. Some of the most commonly used examples for natural monopoly are utilities such as water supply system, electric power transmission system, railroads and pipelines. Though it is very difficult for any intended competitor to enter the market of natural monopoly, but it is very important for us to remember that natural monopoly is not permanent. This is because technological advances can lead to the development of new forms of competition for an industry, change its cost structure and affect the demands for its products. For example, canals were once a natural monopoly for bulk transport in parts of Europe and the U. S. , but these monopolies disintegrated during the nineteenth century as a result of the development of railway.

Green Stone :: essays research papers

During the opening years of the seventeenth century, Europe was gripped by Reformation and Counter-Reformation, when Catholics and Protestants persecuted one another with equal fervour. England was ruled by a Protestant regime, and in 1605 a group of oppressed Catholic landowners hatched a plot to kill the king, James I, during the state opening of parliament on 5 November. The plan, conceived by the Midland Catholics Robert Catesby and Thomas Wyntour, was to blow up the Houses of Parliament with dozens of barrels of gunpowder. Known as the Gunpowder Plot, it was thwarted at the last moment when conspirator Guy Fawkes was discovered nervously waiting to light the fuse. When Fawkes was tortured into revealing the names of the other plotters, the small band of conspirators fled to the Wyntour family home at Huddington Court in Worcestershire. Here they spent their last night, fleeing only a few miles the next day before being surrounded by the militia. But this was not the end of the affair. The king's chief minister, Robert Cecil, had given strict instructions that Robert Catesby should be taken alive. The reason being, that he possessed a sacred relic - a green, jade gemstone called the Meonia Stone. Tradition held that it had once been set in King Arthur's sword Excalibur. Historically, it had belonged to Mary Queen of Scots, the last legitimate Catholic heir to the English throne. Following her death in 1587, a legend had developed that the Catholic who would finally secure the English throne would need to possess the sacred stone. Fearing that the Meonia Stone would act as a rallying symbol for the English Catholics, Cecil was determined that it should be destroyed. He was furious, however, to discover that Robert Catesby had been shot dead and the knowledge of the stone's whereabouts had died with him. Despite months of frantic searching and intense interrogation of the surviving conspirators, the stone was never found. Three centuries later, in 1979, Graham Phillip's and fellow researcher Andrew Collins decided to go in search of the lost Meonia Stone. The Green Stone, co-authored by Martin Keatman, is the remarkable true story of this fascinating quest. Following a trail of historical clues, Graham and Andrew finally discovered the identity of the person to whom the stone was given. During their interrogation, the surviving Gunpowder Plotters had stated that Robert Catesby still had the stone with him the night before his death.

Organic Chemistry Experiment 4 †Recrystallization Essay

INTRODUCTION Recrystallization is the primary method for purifying solid organic compounds. Compounds obtained from natural sources or from reaction mixtures almost always contain impurities. The impurities may include some combination of insoluble, soluble, and colored impurities. To obtain a pure compound, these impurities must be removed. Each is removed in a separate step in the recrystallization procedure. [8] Acetylation of aniline by acetic anhydride was performed to synthesize the crude acetanilide. The obtained crude acetanilide contained acetic acid as well as unreacted acetic anhydride. The said impurities of the crude acetanilide were removed using activated charcoal, filtration and recrystallization. EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds tested Aniline Aniline is a clear to slightly yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. It does not readily evaporate at room temperature. Aniline is slightly soluble in water and mixes readily with most organic solvents. Aniline is used to make a wide variety of products such as polyurethane foam, agricultural chemicals, synthetic dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers for the rubber industry, herbicides, varnishes and explosives. [2] Aniline is prepared commercially by the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene or by the action of ammonia on chlorobenzene. The reduction of nitrobenzene can also be carried out with iron borings in aqueous acid. [6] Preparation of Aniline: C6H5NO2 + 3 H2 → C6H5NH2 + 2 H2O (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (b) Bechamp reduction Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride is clear, colorless liquid with a strong, pungent, sour vinegar-like odor, lachrymator. [5] Acetic anhydride is an important solvent and acetylation agent. [4] It is used in the manufacture of acetyl compound, cellulose acetates, acetylizer and solvent in examining wool fat, glycerol, fatty and volatile oils, resins, detection of rosin, in organic synthesis, such as dehydrating agent in nitrations, sulfonations and other reactions where removal of water is necessary. [5] Acetic anhydride is prepared by the carbonylation of methyl acetate. There is a two-stage process for the preparation of acetic anhydride, in which, in a first step, methyl bromide or, preferably, iodide is carbonylated to provide the corresponding acetyl halide, such acetyl halide in turn being reacted with methyl acetate, in a second step, to provide acetic anhydride, which corresponds to the following reaction scheme, in the event that methyl iodide is the starting material: [7] Step 1: CH3I + CO → CH3COI Step 2: CH3COI + CH3COOCH3 → (CH3CO)2O + CH3I Figure 2. Carbonylation of methyl acetate B. Procedure 1. Choosing the Recrystallizing Solvent A corn-grain amount of pure acetanilide was placed into each of three test tubes. Methanol, hexane, and water were added to each test tube respectively. Each was shaken and was placed in a warm bath (37oC-40oC) for 1-5 minutes and then was cooled. Figure 3. Pure acetanilide in test tubes containing different solvents – methanol, hexane, water respectively. 2. Acetylation of Aniline by Acetic Anhydride Aniline solution was made by mixing 2mL of aniline with 20mL of distilled water. 3mL of acetic anhydride was then added to the solution to form acetylation. The over-all solution was then placed in an ice bath to form crystals of crude acetanilide. Figure 4. 2mL of aniline mixed with 20mL of distilled water Figure 5. 3mL of acetic anhydride added to the aniline solution Figure 6. Crystallization of crude acetanilide in an ice bath 3. Purification of Crude Acetanilide by Recrystallization The crude acetanilide crystals were filtered through a wet filter paper. The residue was then dried and weighed. In a separate Erlenmeyer flask, the crude acetanilide residue was placed and 20mL of the recrystallizing solvent was added. The solution was then heated on a hot plate until the entire solid dissolved completely. When the solution became colored, it was removed from the heat and enough amount of activated charcoal was added. The heating process continued until the solution became colorless. While the solution was still hot, it was quickly filtered using a fluted filter paper. Its filtrate was then cooled by placing the receiver in a beaker with cold water. The crystals that formed were collected and were washed. When the crystals completely dried up, it was then weighed. Figure 7. Filtration of the crude acetanilide crystals Figure 8. Crude acetanilide residue mixed with the recrystallizing solvent Figure 9. Heating process of the solution Figure 10. Addition of the activated charcoal to the solution Figure 11. Continued heating process of the solution until colorless Figure 12. Filtration and recrystallization of the acetanilide Figure 13. Weighing of the dried acetanilide crystals RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Choosing the Recrystallizing Solvent Among the three recrystallizing solvents – methanol, hexane, and water, water was chosen to be used in the recrystallization of the acetanilide. Table 1. Solubility of pure acetanilide in various solvents | At room temp.| During heating| Upon cooling| Water| Insoluble| Soluble| Insoluble| Methanol| Soluble| Soluble| Soluble| Hexane| Insoluble| Insoluble| Insoluble| 2. Acetylation of Aniline by Acetic Anhydride The crude acetanilide was obtained by the acetylation of the aniline. The crude acetanilide obtained was 7.2 grams in its weight. 3. Purification of Crude Acetanilide by Recrystallization Pure acetanilide was obtained by the recrystallization of the crude acetanilide. From the 7.2 grams of crude acetanilide, 1.2 grams of pure acetanilide was gathered. Theoretical Yield: Aniline 2mL x 1.0217 g/mL = 2.0434 g 2.04 g x 1 mol x 135.17 g = 93.13 g 1 mol 2.96 g Acetanilide Acetic Anhydride 3mL x 1.082 g/mL = 3.246 g 3.246 g x 1 mol x 135.17 g = 102.09 g 1 mol 4.30 g Acetanilide ∠´ Aniline is the limiting reagent. Percentage Yield: = Actual Yield x 100 Theoretical Yield = 1.20 grams x 100 2.96 grams = 40.54 % The experiment conducted was able to perform different chemical processes. In choosing the recrystallizing solvent, solubility test was conducted among various solvents – methanol, hexane, and water. The solubility test resulted to the conclusion of choosing water as the recrystallizing solvent. The experiment also included the acetylation of aniline by acetic anhydride to form the crude acetanilide. In the experiment, 7.2 grams of crude acetanilide was obtained. Since the crude acetanilide has impurities, it was purified by several processes – heating of solution, activated charcoal addition, and recrystallization. When recrystallization has already occurred in the solution, the pure acetanilide was then obtained. 40.54% of the pure acetanilide was gathered with its weight of 1.2 grams. REFERENCES [1] Acetylation of Aniline using Acetic Anhydride. http://prolabscientific.com/Acetylation-of-Aniline-using-Acetic-Anhydride-p-23917.html. [2] Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry: Toxic Substances Portal – Aniline. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=449&tid=79. [3] Bayquen, A. V., Cruz, C. T., de Guia, R. M., Lampa, F. F., PeÅ„a, G. T., Sarile, A. S., & Torres, P. C. (2009). Laboratory Manual in Organic Chemistry. 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc. [4] Chemical Book: Acetic Anhydride. http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB2852742.htm. [5] Chemical Book: Acetic anhydride (108-24-7). http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductMSDSDetailCB2852742_EN.htm. [6] Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica: Aniline. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/25473/aniline. [7] Gauthier-Lafaye et al. Carbonylation of methyl acetate. http://www.google.com.ph/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4500474&id=ymY2AAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=carbonylation+of+methyl+ acetate&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=carbonylation%20of%20methyl%20acetate&f=false. [8] Recrystallization. http://www.chem.umass.edu/~samal/269/cryst1.pdf.

Data Governance Cancer Care Ontario - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1216 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Data Governance Cancer Care Ontario Personal Case Study TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION The Facts ABSTRACT PROBLEM STATEMENT INTRODUCTION This section will not be the focus of this project document, but rather a short introduction so that the audience can relate to the background of CCO. As the Ontario governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advisor on the cancer and renal systems, as well as on access to care for key health services, Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) drives continuous improvement in disease prevention and screening, the delivery of care and the patient experience for chronic diseases. Known for its innovation and evidence-based approaches, CCO leads multi-year system planning, contracts for services with hospitals and providers, develops and deploys information systems, establishes guidelines and standards, and tracks performance targets to ensure system-wide improvements in cancer, chronic kidney disease à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" through the Ontario Renal Network à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and access to care. CCO began life in April 1943 as the Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation. More than a half century later, in 1997, it was formally launched and funded as an Ontario government agency. CCO is governed by The Cancer Act and is accountable to the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC). CCO directs and oversees approximately $1.5 billion in funding for hospitals and other cancer and chronic kidney disease care providers, enabling them to deliver high quality, timely services and improved access to care. CCO employs about 1,000 staff members, all of whom are critical elements that contribute to the success of this organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Data Governance Cancer Care Ontario" essay for you Create order The Facts The reality is more of us are going to face living with or caring for someone with one or more chronic diseases. Cancer and other chronic illnesses like kidney disease are strongly associated with age We project that by 2015, the number of people diagnosed with cancer, for example, will have increased by 50% from 1999 figures. And that 45% of men and 40% of women in Canada will face cancer in their lifetime At the same time, health care spending in Canada continues to rise faster than inflation and population growth. [1] The Ontario government cautions that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Without a change in course, health spending would eat up 70% of the provincial budget within 12 years, crowding out our ability to pay for many other important priorities.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [2] The pressure on our health systems will be unsustainable if we do not take action. Together, we have an opportunity to respond to the health needs of the people of Ontario through increased efforts in prevention, and by driving the delivery of more patient-centered, integrated and high-quality care for greater value from every health dollar we spend. Cancer Care Ontarioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal is to broaden the use data for our quality and performance improvement approaches to include other care settings, and to do so in ways that enable us to integrate care across all phases of the patient journey. We will make decisions and provide advice based on the best available evidence. Cancer Care Ontario has launched an enterprise-wide initiative to assess and build capacity in the new Analytics and Informatics portfolio. In response to recent organizational structure, significant efforts are being dedicated to examine how data is used, both within the organization, and as provided to our external stakeholders. I personally think that this project, case study, will be of utmost importance to facilitate the definition and implementation of the enterprise data governance model and assessment of the new data requirements at CCO. ABSTRACT Data governance is one of the building blocks of data management and is often considered to be an integral part of data quality efforts, master data management programs data policies, business process management, and risk management surrounding the handling of data in an organization. Data governance is a set of processes that ensures that important data assets are managed and acknowledged throughout the enterprise. Data governance is all about data that can be trusted and that people can be made accountable for any issues that arise because of low data quality. It is about putting people in charge of fixing and preventing data related issues so that quality of the data is not compromised thereby enabling the enterprise to become more efficient. Data governance forces enterprises to think outside the box by deviating them away from orthodox practices and processes of handling the data and using technology when necessary in many forms to help aid the process. Initiatives to im plement data governance, either technological or organizational efforts, usually come from the corporate office with a top-down emphasis. Even though this approach is well intended and carries valuable recommendations, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s often met with internal resistance and suspicion. As a result, this approach falls short when it comes to implementing data governance to make a significant impact within the business. This case study will be used to demonstrate how data governance can be implemented in a unique manner. My approach emphasizes a repeatable and sustainable methodology focused on supporting key business processes. I will review the methodology, components, and stages developed to implement data governance for specific data types through several proof of concepts. As a direct result of this effort I shall present lessons learned, challenges encountered, and business benefits realized to date. PROBLEM STATEMENT You will often hear executives discuss issues that relate to data issues, data quality challenges, data inconsistencies, untrusted data, etc. At Cancer Care Ontario the data is collected from wide variety of sources and in various formats. It has been collectively determined that many sources, redundant and inconsistent information, for the data have caused significant rise in issues related to data quality, data access and data delivery to the end user (business user). CCO has well sponsored data projects and data clean-up projects to address the challenges stated above. Data projects are performed to make the data clean and to improve the quality of data. In-spite of these efforts it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t stay clean forever. There is no clear understanding of the root cause and no clear understanding of how to keep the data clean. Data cleanup can happen by brute force and will often result in short term improvements, especially if coupled with improved business processe s, but process improvement may not suffice. The proper implementation of Data Governance can make it work; make it sustainable. The executive team, including representatives from the new Analytics and Informatics portfolio, at Cancer Care Ontario believes that the data cleanup efforts (remediation) can lead to short term success which can result in improved Data Quality for a short period of time, but without data governance, it will not last. Business leaders know what they want (they want clean data that can be trusted), but I believe they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a concrete idea on how to get there. It will be a daunting task for Business, management, and IT to get to a common ground and agree upon implementing the fundamentals of Data Governance. It would be beneficial if the business managers can see something real; something that would help them understand the value of Data Governance. This realization one day can lead to the creation of Data Governance portfolio with in CCO where in the concepts, fundamentals, and framework can be developed internally through formal training. [1] Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) 2011. National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2011 [2] Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care 2012. Ontarioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Action Plan for Health Care Queens Printer of Ontario