Natural monopoly Essay Example for Free

Natural monopoly Essay The concept of â€Å"Natural Monopoly† comes from economics. It is a situation in which majority of the portion of market is covered by a single firm or company. The goods, services or products offered by the company covers the maximum portion of the market. A Natural Monopoly is a situation in which the cost of producing the product (goods or services) is lower due to economies of scale. In a situation of Natural Monopoly, there are no close substitutes to offer the same product or services. Economies of scale is a situation or condition in which the cost to a company of producing or supplying each additional unit of a product or service decreases as the volume of output increases. Economies of scale is not the only reason for the existence of monopoly. A Natural Monopoly also exists because of sole access to a particular resource or technology and because of the use of non-market means to eliminate competition, including buying up competitors and colluding with customers or suppliers to discriminate against competitors. A Natural Monopoly also exists even if there are multiple competitors in the market. In such case, the firm which can attain the largest volume of output and the lowest production cost will be called as a Natural Monopoly. All the other firms will have to exit the industry because they are unable to compete on a price basis. Basically, it is very difficult for any competitor to enter the market of natural monopoly because of very high cost of production facilities which includes the cost of infrastructure. There is also a high uncertainty among the intended competitors that they will be able to oust the existing monopolist. Some of the most commonly used examples for natural monopoly are utilities such as water supply system, electric power transmission system, railroads and pipelines. Though it is very difficult for any intended competitor to enter the market of natural monopoly, but it is very important for us to remember that natural monopoly is not permanent. This is because technological advances can lead to the development of new forms of competition for an industry, change its cost structure and affect the demands for its products. For example, canals were once a natural monopoly for bulk transport in parts of Europe and the U. S. , but these monopolies disintegrated during the nineteenth century as a result of the development of railway.

Green Stone :: essays research papers

During the opening years of the seventeenth century, Europe was gripped by Reformation and Counter-Reformation, when Catholics and Protestants persecuted one another with equal fervour. England was ruled by a Protestant regime, and in 1605 a group of oppressed Catholic landowners hatched a plot to kill the king, James I, during the state opening of parliament on 5 November. The plan, conceived by the Midland Catholics Robert Catesby and Thomas Wyntour, was to blow up the Houses of Parliament with dozens of barrels of gunpowder. Known as the Gunpowder Plot, it was thwarted at the last moment when conspirator Guy Fawkes was discovered nervously waiting to light the fuse. When Fawkes was tortured into revealing the names of the other plotters, the small band of conspirators fled to the Wyntour family home at Huddington Court in Worcestershire. Here they spent their last night, fleeing only a few miles the next day before being surrounded by the militia. But this was not the end of the affair. The king's chief minister, Robert Cecil, had given strict instructions that Robert Catesby should be taken alive. The reason being, that he possessed a sacred relic - a green, jade gemstone called the Meonia Stone. Tradition held that it had once been set in King Arthur's sword Excalibur. Historically, it had belonged to Mary Queen of Scots, the last legitimate Catholic heir to the English throne. Following her death in 1587, a legend had developed that the Catholic who would finally secure the English throne would need to possess the sacred stone. Fearing that the Meonia Stone would act as a rallying symbol for the English Catholics, Cecil was determined that it should be destroyed. He was furious, however, to discover that Robert Catesby had been shot dead and the knowledge of the stone's whereabouts had died with him. Despite months of frantic searching and intense interrogation of the surviving conspirators, the stone was never found. Three centuries later, in 1979, Graham Phillip's and fellow researcher Andrew Collins decided to go in search of the lost Meonia Stone. The Green Stone, co-authored by Martin Keatman, is the remarkable true story of this fascinating quest. Following a trail of historical clues, Graham and Andrew finally discovered the identity of the person to whom the stone was given. During their interrogation, the surviving Gunpowder Plotters had stated that Robert Catesby still had the stone with him the night before his death.

Organic Chemistry Experiment 4 †Recrystallization Essay

INTRODUCTION Recrystallization is the primary method for purifying solid organic compounds. Compounds obtained from natural sources or from reaction mixtures almost always contain impurities. The impurities may include some combination of insoluble, soluble, and colored impurities. To obtain a pure compound, these impurities must be removed. Each is removed in a separate step in the recrystallization procedure. [8] Acetylation of aniline by acetic anhydride was performed to synthesize the crude acetanilide. The obtained crude acetanilide contained acetic acid as well as unreacted acetic anhydride. The said impurities of the crude acetanilide were removed using activated charcoal, filtration and recrystallization. EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds tested Aniline Aniline is a clear to slightly yellow liquid with a characteristic odor. It does not readily evaporate at room temperature. Aniline is slightly soluble in water and mixes readily with most organic solvents. Aniline is used to make a wide variety of products such as polyurethane foam, agricultural chemicals, synthetic dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers for the rubber industry, herbicides, varnishes and explosives. [2] Aniline is prepared commercially by the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene or by the action of ammonia on chlorobenzene. The reduction of nitrobenzene can also be carried out with iron borings in aqueous acid. [6] Preparation of Aniline: C6H5NO2 + 3 H2 → C6H5NH2 + 2 H2O (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (b) Bechamp reduction Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride is clear, colorless liquid with a strong, pungent, sour vinegar-like odor, lachrymator. [5] Acetic anhydride is an important solvent and acetylation agent. [4] It is used in the manufacture of acetyl compound, cellulose acetates, acetylizer and solvent in examining wool fat, glycerol, fatty and volatile oils, resins, detection of rosin, in organic synthesis, such as dehydrating agent in nitrations, sulfonations and other reactions where removal of water is necessary. [5] Acetic anhydride is prepared by the carbonylation of methyl acetate. There is a two-stage process for the preparation of acetic anhydride, in which, in a first step, methyl bromide or, preferably, iodide is carbonylated to provide the corresponding acetyl halide, such acetyl halide in turn being reacted with methyl acetate, in a second step, to provide acetic anhydride, which corresponds to the following reaction scheme, in the event that methyl iodide is the starting material: [7] Step 1: CH3I + CO → CH3COI Step 2: CH3COI + CH3COOCH3 → (CH3CO)2O + CH3I Figure 2. Carbonylation of methyl acetate B. Procedure 1. Choosing the Recrystallizing Solvent A corn-grain amount of pure acetanilide was placed into each of three test tubes. Methanol, hexane, and water were added to each test tube respectively. Each was shaken and was placed in a warm bath (37oC-40oC) for 1-5 minutes and then was cooled. Figure 3. Pure acetanilide in test tubes containing different solvents – methanol, hexane, water respectively. 2. Acetylation of Aniline by Acetic Anhydride Aniline solution was made by mixing 2mL of aniline with 20mL of distilled water. 3mL of acetic anhydride was then added to the solution to form acetylation. The over-all solution was then placed in an ice bath to form crystals of crude acetanilide. Figure 4. 2mL of aniline mixed with 20mL of distilled water Figure 5. 3mL of acetic anhydride added to the aniline solution Figure 6. Crystallization of crude acetanilide in an ice bath 3. Purification of Crude Acetanilide by Recrystallization The crude acetanilide crystals were filtered through a wet filter paper. The residue was then dried and weighed. In a separate Erlenmeyer flask, the crude acetanilide residue was placed and 20mL of the recrystallizing solvent was added. The solution was then heated on a hot plate until the entire solid dissolved completely. When the solution became colored, it was removed from the heat and enough amount of activated charcoal was added. The heating process continued until the solution became colorless. While the solution was still hot, it was quickly filtered using a fluted filter paper. Its filtrate was then cooled by placing the receiver in a beaker with cold water. The crystals that formed were collected and were washed. When the crystals completely dried up, it was then weighed. Figure 7. Filtration of the crude acetanilide crystals Figure 8. Crude acetanilide residue mixed with the recrystallizing solvent Figure 9. Heating process of the solution Figure 10. Addition of the activated charcoal to the solution Figure 11. Continued heating process of the solution until colorless Figure 12. Filtration and recrystallization of the acetanilide Figure 13. Weighing of the dried acetanilide crystals RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Choosing the Recrystallizing Solvent Among the three recrystallizing solvents – methanol, hexane, and water, water was chosen to be used in the recrystallization of the acetanilide. Table 1. Solubility of pure acetanilide in various solvents | At room temp.| During heating| Upon cooling| Water| Insoluble| Soluble| Insoluble| Methanol| Soluble| Soluble| Soluble| Hexane| Insoluble| Insoluble| Insoluble| 2. Acetylation of Aniline by Acetic Anhydride The crude acetanilide was obtained by the acetylation of the aniline. The crude acetanilide obtained was 7.2 grams in its weight. 3. Purification of Crude Acetanilide by Recrystallization Pure acetanilide was obtained by the recrystallization of the crude acetanilide. From the 7.2 grams of crude acetanilide, 1.2 grams of pure acetanilide was gathered. Theoretical Yield: Aniline 2mL x 1.0217 g/mL = 2.0434 g 2.04 g x 1 mol x 135.17 g = 93.13 g 1 mol 2.96 g Acetanilide Acetic Anhydride 3mL x 1.082 g/mL = 3.246 g 3.246 g x 1 mol x 135.17 g = 102.09 g 1 mol 4.30 g Acetanilide ∠´ Aniline is the limiting reagent. Percentage Yield: = Actual Yield x 100 Theoretical Yield = 1.20 grams x 100 2.96 grams = 40.54 % The experiment conducted was able to perform different chemical processes. In choosing the recrystallizing solvent, solubility test was conducted among various solvents – methanol, hexane, and water. The solubility test resulted to the conclusion of choosing water as the recrystallizing solvent. The experiment also included the acetylation of aniline by acetic anhydride to form the crude acetanilide. In the experiment, 7.2 grams of crude acetanilide was obtained. Since the crude acetanilide has impurities, it was purified by several processes – heating of solution, activated charcoal addition, and recrystallization. When recrystallization has already occurred in the solution, the pure acetanilide was then obtained. 40.54% of the pure acetanilide was gathered with its weight of 1.2 grams. REFERENCES [1] Acetylation of Aniline using Acetic Anhydride. http://prolabscientific.com/Acetylation-of-Aniline-using-Acetic-Anhydride-p-23917.html. [2] Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry: Toxic Substances Portal – Aniline. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=449&tid=79. [3] Bayquen, A. V., Cruz, C. T., de Guia, R. M., Lampa, F. F., PeÅ„a, G. T., Sarile, A. S., & Torres, P. C. (2009). Laboratory Manual in Organic Chemistry. 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc. [4] Chemical Book: Acetic Anhydride. http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB2852742.htm. [5] Chemical Book: Acetic anhydride (108-24-7). http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductMSDSDetailCB2852742_EN.htm. [6] Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica: Aniline. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/25473/aniline. [7] Gauthier-Lafaye et al. Carbonylation of methyl acetate. http://www.google.com.ph/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4500474&id=ymY2AAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=carbonylation+of+methyl+ acetate&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=carbonylation%20of%20methyl%20acetate&f=false. [8] Recrystallization. http://www.chem.umass.edu/~samal/269/cryst1.pdf.

Data Governance Cancer Care Ontario - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1216 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Data Governance Cancer Care Ontario Personal Case Study TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION The Facts ABSTRACT PROBLEM STATEMENT INTRODUCTION This section will not be the focus of this project document, but rather a short introduction so that the audience can relate to the background of CCO. As the Ontario governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advisor on the cancer and renal systems, as well as on access to care for key health services, Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) drives continuous improvement in disease prevention and screening, the delivery of care and the patient experience for chronic diseases. Known for its innovation and evidence-based approaches, CCO leads multi-year system planning, contracts for services with hospitals and providers, develops and deploys information systems, establishes guidelines and standards, and tracks performance targets to ensure system-wide improvements in cancer, chronic kidney disease à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" through the Ontario Renal Network à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and access to care. CCO began life in April 1943 as the Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation. More than a half century later, in 1997, it was formally launched and funded as an Ontario government agency. CCO is governed by The Cancer Act and is accountable to the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC). CCO directs and oversees approximately $1.5 billion in funding for hospitals and other cancer and chronic kidney disease care providers, enabling them to deliver high quality, timely services and improved access to care. CCO employs about 1,000 staff members, all of whom are critical elements that contribute to the success of this organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Data Governance Cancer Care Ontario" essay for you Create order The Facts The reality is more of us are going to face living with or caring for someone with one or more chronic diseases. Cancer and other chronic illnesses like kidney disease are strongly associated with age We project that by 2015, the number of people diagnosed with cancer, for example, will have increased by 50% from 1999 figures. And that 45% of men and 40% of women in Canada will face cancer in their lifetime At the same time, health care spending in Canada continues to rise faster than inflation and population growth. [1] The Ontario government cautions that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Without a change in course, health spending would eat up 70% of the provincial budget within 12 years, crowding out our ability to pay for many other important priorities.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [2] The pressure on our health systems will be unsustainable if we do not take action. Together, we have an opportunity to respond to the health needs of the people of Ontario through increased efforts in prevention, and by driving the delivery of more patient-centered, integrated and high-quality care for greater value from every health dollar we spend. Cancer Care Ontarioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal is to broaden the use data for our quality and performance improvement approaches to include other care settings, and to do so in ways that enable us to integrate care across all phases of the patient journey. We will make decisions and provide advice based on the best available evidence. Cancer Care Ontario has launched an enterprise-wide initiative to assess and build capacity in the new Analytics and Informatics portfolio. In response to recent organizational structure, significant efforts are being dedicated to examine how data is used, both within the organization, and as provided to our external stakeholders. I personally think that this project, case study, will be of utmost importance to facilitate the definition and implementation of the enterprise data governance model and assessment of the new data requirements at CCO. ABSTRACT Data governance is one of the building blocks of data management and is often considered to be an integral part of data quality efforts, master data management programs data policies, business process management, and risk management surrounding the handling of data in an organization. Data governance is a set of processes that ensures that important data assets are managed and acknowledged throughout the enterprise. Data governance is all about data that can be trusted and that people can be made accountable for any issues that arise because of low data quality. It is about putting people in charge of fixing and preventing data related issues so that quality of the data is not compromised thereby enabling the enterprise to become more efficient. Data governance forces enterprises to think outside the box by deviating them away from orthodox practices and processes of handling the data and using technology when necessary in many forms to help aid the process. Initiatives to im plement data governance, either technological or organizational efforts, usually come from the corporate office with a top-down emphasis. Even though this approach is well intended and carries valuable recommendations, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s often met with internal resistance and suspicion. As a result, this approach falls short when it comes to implementing data governance to make a significant impact within the business. This case study will be used to demonstrate how data governance can be implemented in a unique manner. My approach emphasizes a repeatable and sustainable methodology focused on supporting key business processes. I will review the methodology, components, and stages developed to implement data governance for specific data types through several proof of concepts. As a direct result of this effort I shall present lessons learned, challenges encountered, and business benefits realized to date. PROBLEM STATEMENT You will often hear executives discuss issues that relate to data issues, data quality challenges, data inconsistencies, untrusted data, etc. At Cancer Care Ontario the data is collected from wide variety of sources and in various formats. It has been collectively determined that many sources, redundant and inconsistent information, for the data have caused significant rise in issues related to data quality, data access and data delivery to the end user (business user). CCO has well sponsored data projects and data clean-up projects to address the challenges stated above. Data projects are performed to make the data clean and to improve the quality of data. In-spite of these efforts it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t stay clean forever. There is no clear understanding of the root cause and no clear understanding of how to keep the data clean. Data cleanup can happen by brute force and will often result in short term improvements, especially if coupled with improved business processe s, but process improvement may not suffice. The proper implementation of Data Governance can make it work; make it sustainable. The executive team, including representatives from the new Analytics and Informatics portfolio, at Cancer Care Ontario believes that the data cleanup efforts (remediation) can lead to short term success which can result in improved Data Quality for a short period of time, but without data governance, it will not last. Business leaders know what they want (they want clean data that can be trusted), but I believe they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have a concrete idea on how to get there. It will be a daunting task for Business, management, and IT to get to a common ground and agree upon implementing the fundamentals of Data Governance. It would be beneficial if the business managers can see something real; something that would help them understand the value of Data Governance. This realization one day can lead to the creation of Data Governance portfolio with in CCO where in the concepts, fundamentals, and framework can be developed internally through formal training. [1] Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) 2011. National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2011 [2] Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care 2012. Ontarioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Action Plan for Health Care Queens Printer of Ontario